动词的概述
1.动词是表示动作或状态的词
如：walk play sleep live
2.动词和名词一样，也有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般必须与主语的人称和数保持一致
3.英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种，它的主要语法特征是：
①时态(tense)
特殊的动词词尾和有关的助动词，用以表示动作的时间和方向
②语态(voice)
特殊的动词形式，用以表示动作的主语和宾语之间的关系，即主语是施事者或是受事者。
③语气(mood)
特殊的动词形式，用以表示说话人对所说事物的态度。所说的话可能是事实，也可能是命令或请求，也可能是愿望，假设，怀疑，建议，猜测，纯粹的空想等。
④体(aspect)
动词本身含有的动作方面，有动态和静态。静态包括内心活动，各种感觉和感情等。动态有瞬间，有限，无限，重复等方面。
4.动词的种类
动词的种类比较复杂，大致可以根据其在句子中的功能分为及物动词与不及物动词，连系动词介于两者之间。反身动词则是一种特殊的及物动词。其次，还可以根据其词义和在谓语中的做用，分为实义动词与助动词，情态动词。第三，还可以根据其与主语的关系分为限定动词与非限定动词。最后，还有一种由动词与介词，副词组成的动词短语。
①：及物动词(transitive verb)与不及物动词(intransitive verb)
及物动词要求有直接宾语
如：John himself opend the door to me
John亲自来为我开门
不及物动词则不要求有直接宾语
如：The car stopped.
车停了
只有及物动词可用作被动语态
如：The meeting will be hold in the town hall
会议将在市政大厅举行
②：连系动词(link verb)是一个表示谓语关系的动词
它后必须接表语(通常为名词或是形容词)be是最基本的连系动词
如：It is not late
时间还不晚
③：反身动词(reflexive verb)相当于及物动词，通常以反身动词做宾语
如：She always prides herself on her cooking
她经常为她的厨艺感到骄傲
1.实义动词(national verb)与助动词 (auxiliary verb)，情态动词 (modal verb)。实义动词意义完全，能独立作谓语
如：The burglar broke the window
小偷打破了窗户。
2.助动词本身无词汇意义，不能单独作谓语，它们do,be,have,shall(should),will(would)等。它们在句子中与实义动词一起构成各种时态，语态和语气以及否定和疑问结构
如：When do we meet again?
什么时候我们再会(用于疑问结构)
3.情态动词的意义不完全，在句中不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。它们有shall,should,will,can,could,may,need,dare等。
如：They dare not tell the truth.
他们不敢说真话。
4.限定动词(finite verb)与非限定动词。这些动词的形式由它们在句子中的功用决定。限定动词在句子中起谓语作用。可与助动词或情态动词连用，亦可不连用。但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致。
如：Mark smokes a lot.
Mark 抽烟很多。
非限定动词有不定式，动名词和分词三种。它们在句子中不起谓语作用，可担任主语，宾语，补语，状语，如：He wanted to tell her of the incident.
他想把这个事件告诉她。(不定式用作宾语)
5.短语动词(phrasal verb)短语动词是一个固定词组。由动词加介词或副词等构成。其作用相当于一个动词。
如：The plane took off at seven sharp
飞机七点起飞(动词+副词)
6.动词的基本形式
动词的基本形式有五种。动词原形(verb stem)第三人称单数 (third person singular present tense form) 过去式(past tense form)过去分词 (past participle) 和现在分词(present participle)
如： 原形 第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
do does did done doing
Have 的两种特殊句型
have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting(开会)，have a rest(休息)，have a class(上课)等。你可知道have构成的两种特殊句型吗?不看不知道，一看就明了。
1.have+宾语+省略to的动词不定式
该句型中作主语的"人或物"让作宾语的"人或物"去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不定式(宾语补足语)之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike. 我想让你买辆新自行车。We can't have the car stop. 我们无法让汽车停下来。
2.have+宾语+过去分词
该句型中作主语的"人或物"让作宾语的"人或物"被……。此时的宾语与过去分词(宾语补足语)之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如： I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired.他们刚找人把车修理了一下。
注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：
1)He had me wash the table cloth.→He had the table cloth washed.
2) The man had the bike mended.→ The man had someone mend the bike.
练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。
1.你应该找人建一座房子。
You should have someone_____a house. You should have a house_____.
2.现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。 Now we'll have the next speaker_____to the front.
3.你必须让人把这些书送到教室去。
You must have these books_____ to the classroom
Do 的四作用
动词do在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字："做"实义，助动词，替前文，强语气。
作用一：实义do
do作实义动词时，有do, does, did, done, doing五种形式，还有及物、不及物之分。如：
1. vt. "做;研究;整理;完成"。如：
①The old man does an hour of sport every day.
②She did her homework at home last night.
③Mother was doing the cooking when I reached home.
④Have you done the exercises yet?
2. vi. "行动;工作;进展;足够"。如：
①Kate does very well in her Chinese.
②How do you do?
③Well done!
④That will do.
作用二：助动do
do作助动词时，只有do, does, did三种形式，无词义，限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态的否定句和疑问句中。如：
①They don't have any tickets for tonight's concert.
②Kate stayed at home last night, didn't she?
③How many books does the library have?
④She doesn't do the washing in the evening.
作用三：替代do
为避免动词的重复，使语言简练，常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词。如：
①Tom runs much faster than you do.
②-Lucy, can you get some more tea, please?
-Sure. I'll do it right away.
②-Who broke the cup?
-Mimi did.
③-I like bananas.
-So does he.
作用四：语气do
为突出感情色彩，do常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中，以加强语气。如：
①Do be careful.
②Don't tell a lie.
③He did come.
④-You often go to the park.
-So we do.
Like 用法聚焦
时间：2008年05月09日 作者： 来源：
like一词具有多种词性和词义，以及多种用法。现简述如下：
一、用作动词：
1.like+名词/代词，意为"喜欢某人或某物"。例如：
Tom likes fish very much.汤姆非常喜欢鱼。
Mr Wang is a good teacher.We all like him. 王老师是个好老师，我们都喜欢他。
2.like to do sth. 意为"(偶尔或具体地)喜欢做某事"。例如：
I like to swim with you today.今天我喜欢和你一起去游泳。
3.like doing sth. 意为"(经常或习惯地)喜欢做某事"。例如：
He likes singing.他喜欢唱歌。
4.like sb. to do sth.意为"喜欢某人做某事"。例如：
She likes them to ask questions like this. 她喜欢他们像这样问问题。
5.would like to do sth. (=want to do sth.)意为" 想要做某事"。例如：
I'd like to go shopping with you.我想要和你一起去买东西。
6.would like sb. to do sth.意为"想要某人做某事"。
I'd like you to meet my parents.我想要你见见我的父母亲。
二、用作介词：
1. be like, look like后接名词或代词作宾语，意为"像……;跟……一样"。例如：
What is he like?他是怎么样的一个人?
The little girl looks like her father.那个小姑娘看起来像她的父亲。
2. feel like后接V?鄄ing形式、代词或名词，意为"想要做某事"。例如：
Do you feel like having a rest?你想休息吗?
We'll go for a walk if you feel like it.如果你想散步，我们就去吧。
三、常见句型：
1. What do you like about...?意为"关于……你喜欢什么?"，用来询问对方所喜欢的内容。例如：
-What do you like about China?你喜欢中国的什么?
-The food and the people.食物和人民。
2. How do you like...?意为"你认为……怎么样?"(=What do you think of...?)例如：
-How do you like the film?你认为这部电影怎么样?
-It's very interesting.很有趣。
3. Would you like +名词 / to do sth.?意为"你想要……吗?"，用来询问对方是否需要什么或征求意见与看法。例如：
Would you like some water?你想要一些水吗?
Would you like to play football with us?你愿意和我们一起去踢足球吗?
Keep 用法解读
在人教版初中英语教材中，keep是要求学生必须掌握的四会词之一，现将其常见用法归纳小结如下，以利于大家正确地使用该词。
一、用作及物动词
1. 意为"保存;保留;保持;保守"。如：
Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗?
I'll keep a seat for you.我给你留个座位。
It can help to keep vegetables, fruit and meat for a long time in hot summer. 在炎热的夏天，它有助于蔬菜、水果和肉类长时间保鲜。
Can you keep a secret? 你能保守秘密吗?
2. 意为"照顾;养活"等。如：
She kept her sister for a week while her sister was ill.她妹妹有病时，她照看她了一个星期。
I have a family to keep.我得养活一家人。
3. 意为"留下;不必还"。如：
You can keep the pen if you like it.你要是喜欢就把钢笔留下吧。
Keep the change.不用找零钱了。
4. 意为"遵守;维护"。如：
Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必须遵守规章制度。
The teacher is keeping order in class.老师正在课堂上维持秩序。
5. 意为"售;卖"。如：
The shop keeps everything you need.那家商店里出售的东西应有尽有。
He keeps everything you will drink.他出售你想喝的各种饮料。
6. 意为"记(日记、帐等)"。如：
She keeps a diary every day.她坚持每天记日记。
He keeps exact accounts of the money he spends and a diary of the events of his holidays.他详细地记载他所花的钱数和假期中所发生的事情。
7. 意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。这时要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构成复合宾语。其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。如：
We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词)我们应保持教室整洁干净。
You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)你最好让孩子离火远一点。
The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。
Don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词)班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。
二、用作连系动词
构成系表结构：keep+表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"。其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。如：
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容词)你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。
Keep off the grass.(副词)请勿践踏草地。
Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.(介词短语)英国的交通是靠左边行驶的。
注意：一般情况下，keep后接形容词较为多见。再如：
She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静。
Please keep silent in class.课堂上请保持安静。
三、与介词或副词搭配，构成动词短语
1.keep away意为"(使)离开;(使)不接近"，其后常接介词from。如：
Would you keep your dog away from my boy, please? 请把狗拉得离我孩子远点好吗?
Keep everybody away from the accident.人人远离事故!
2.keep back意为"阻止;留在后面"。如：
She sat down quietly, but she couldn't keep
back her tears.她静静地坐下来，却忍不住流下了眼泪。
3.keep together意为"在一起;动作协调"。如：
Keep together, please.请聚在一起。
The eight men kept together during the boat race as though they were one.赛船时，这8个人动作协调，好像一个人似的。
4.keep up意为"持续;使不低落"。如：
The noise kept up all night.噪音整夜持续着。
To keep your strength up, eat well and get enough sleep.为了保持力气，要吃好、睡足。
5.keep up with意为"跟上;和……来往"。如：
I'm trying my best to keep up with the others in class.我正在设法赶上班里的其他人。
Do you still keep up with Tom? 你和汤姆还有联系吗?
6.keep...in mind意为"把……记在心里"。如：
The teacher asked us to keep these sentences in mind.老师要我们把这些句子记在心里。
四、含keep的常用句型
1.keep doing sth. 意为"继续干某事"，表示不间断地持续干某事，keep后不能接不定式或表示静止状态的v-ing形式，而必须接延续性的动词。如：
He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time.他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。
Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.坚持互相传球，你们就行。
2.keep on doing sth. 意为"持续做某事"。如：
The pupil kept on asking me the same question.这个学生不断地问我同一个问题。
I kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon.我总是想起下午的那场比赛。
3. keep...from doing sth.意为"阻止/防止……做某事"。如：
The heavy snow kept us from going out.大雪使我们不能出去。
Be 的四功能
be是一个多功能动词，在初级英语里可见四种用法：
功能一，系动词be
be为连系动词，中心词义是"是"，句型为"主+系+表"结构。be的形式常用am, is, are(现在式);was, were(过去式);will/can/may/must be(助动词/情态动词+原形);have/has/had been(助动词+过去分词)等。如：
To help animals is helping people.(一般现在时)
The twins were very busy yesterday.(一般过去时)
It will be sunny tomorrow.(一般将来时)
She has been ill for over a week.(现在完成时)
功能二，助动词be
助动词be，无词义，辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。用法如下：
1. be+doing：构成进行时态，有现在和过去两种进行时态。如：
The girls is reading and copying the new words now.
Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.
2. be+done：构成被动语态(主语是动作的承受者，done必须是及物动词)。如：
Tea is grown in my hometown.(一般现在时的被动语态)
This building was built three years ago.(一般过去时的被动语态)
Our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.(现在完成时的被动语态)
How could this kind of cakes be made in your home?(含情态动词的被动语态)
That is a day never to be forgotten.(动词不定式的被动语态)
3. be+going to do，表示"打算或将要做某事"，be有现在和过去两种形式。如：
We are going to plant trees in the park.
I didn't know if she was going to come here.
4. be+to do，表示"按计划安排将要做某事"。如：
The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday.
One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.
功能三，there be
there be句式为：there be+主语部分+状语部分，表示"某处存在某物"，be常用现在时，过去时和将来时等。如：
Oh, cool! And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya.
There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.
Will there be a football match in your school next week?
功能四，实义be
可以将be视为实义动词，因为它具有实际的词义，如"成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达"等。如：
His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.
Kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening.
Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang.
there be中考知识点扫描
there be结构作为初中的一个重点句型，在教育部新颁布的《英语课程标准》中，作为简单句的基本句型列入其中，在各地中考试卷中也频频亮相。
考点一：对there be基本理念的考查
1.—What did you see on the desk then?
—There ________ a bottle of orange.
[03北京宣武区]
A. was B. were C. has D. had
2. There ________ an English film here tomorrow. [04武汉]
A. has B. is going to be C. will have
3. There used to have few tall buildings around our village. (找错并改正)
A B C D
[03陕西]
4.—What’s on the plate?
—There ________ some bread on it.
[03吉林]
A. is B. are C. has D. have
[扫描1]
根据句子的时间状语或上下文暗示、衔接等，在初中阶段be的形式不外乎有这么几种：
①现在时(is / are)、过去时(was / were)、将来时(will be)、完成时(have / has / had been);
②可以与情态动词连用，组成there +情态动词+be的形式，表推测语气;
③可与seem, appear, used to等状态词连用，构成there seems / appears / used to be...;
答案要点：
1.题中的问句用了过去时，又因为答语中为“一瓶桔子汁”，故答案为A。
2.题中有一个表示将来的tomorrow，又因为there be的形式中不能用助动词have，故答案为B。
3.题错误之处为C，应改为be。
4.题中some bread为不可数名词，应选A。
考点二：考查there be句型的临近一致性
1. There ________ a pencil on the desk and you may use it. [03北京石景山区]
A. is B. are C. was D. were
2. There ________ two knives in the pencilbox. [03哈尔滨]
A. are B. be C. is D. am
3. There ________ a pair of shoes under the bed. The shoes ________ mine. [04兰州]
A. is;are B. is;is C. are;is D. are;are
[扫描2]
be的形式受后面靠近它的主语在人称和数上的制约，必须采取就近原则，与临近的主语保持一致，必须看清楚there后跟的是可数名词，还是不可数名词。还必须注意既有可数名词又有不可数名词的时候，be的形式的临近一致性。如:There is a bag of rice, two baskets of apples and three people under the tree.
答案要点：
1. a pencil为可数名词单数形式，可从A、C中选，又从and you may use it可以得出，选择A。
2.句中有two knives，名词复数，故选A。
3. a pair of修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词要用单数形式，而shoes是可数名词复数，故答案为A。
考点三：考查there be和have/has表示“有”的含义时的区别
1. There ________ two pictures on the wall.
[03北京大兴区]
A. is B. have C. are D. has
2. There ________ a football game in our school next week. [03新疆生产建设兵团]
A. has B. is going to be C. have D. is going to have
3. There________ a football match on TV this evening. [04陕西]
A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have
4. There is going to have a football match next Friday afternoon.
A B C D
(找错并改正)[04南京]
[扫描3]
英语中表示“有”的含义时可以用there be句型,也可以用have/has(got)表达，但二者在用法上有根本的区别：
there be句型表示存在，即某处有某物;have/has (got)表示所有、拥有，即某人(物)有……。如：
They have a beautiful home.
I’ve got an idea.
在there be句型中be的形式不能用have/has替代。
答案要点：根据以上分析可得：1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B(应把have改成be)
考点四：考查there be的反意疑问句
1. There is a beautiful clock on the wall, ________? [03桂林]
A. isn’t there B. is there C. isn’t it D. doesn’t it
2. There is little milk in the bottle, ________? [03广东]
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t there D. is there
3. There was no time for the twins to go shopping, ________ ________?(完成反意疑问句) [03哈尔滨]
[扫描4]
there be句型的反意疑问句必须用there进行反问，这时需要注意的是there be句型中是否有seldom, hardly, little, few, no, nothing, nobody之类的否定词或半否定词，若有，则该部分应看成是否定的，反意疑问部分必须用肯定式。如果there be中带有否定的前缀的词，则该部分应看成肯定式，反意疑问部分仍要用否定形式。如: There was an unusual bike under the tree, wasn’t there?
答案要点：根据扫描4可得，1. A 2. D 3. was there
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