一、形容词与副词的比较级
as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
比较级形容词或副词 + than
The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
比较 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
比较 (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。
比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
二、 虚拟语气
非真实条件句
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。。
句型 ： 与现在事实相反 条件从句 主句
did/|were should( would) do
与过去事实相反 had done should/would have done
与将来时态相反 were to do
Should do would/shoulddo
混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
特殊的虚拟语气词：(should)+do
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略 important重要的 advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾
注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…
来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
在宾语从句中的应用
句型：主语+谓语+that +从句主语+(should)+do从句的
在表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，谓语用should +动词原形的结构，should 可以省略。这类动词有： ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求
注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）
在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，从句用should + do 的结构，should 可以省略。这类名词常见的有：
advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令 idea观点，意见
preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐 plan建议，计划
request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
wish的用
真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时
（be的过去式为 were）
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时
（had + 过去分词）
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +
动词原形
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy. Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
It is (high) time( that) sb did \ It is (high) time (that) sb should do sth 和It’s time (for sb) to do
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略,表示遭到了某人做某师的时间了。It is time （for sb） to do sth 表示到了做某事的时间了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
It is time (for us) to finish this class.
…would （had）rather\ as soon \sooner\prefer sb did sth 宁可某人做某 要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.
含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
_____ the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，
for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。
（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。
I thought the children—— when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。
其它句型
由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象，设想 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续，重新开始 risk 冒险suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
举例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to(允许，承认) prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to ， be busy(in) ， look forward to(to为介词) It’s no good\no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, be tired of （厌倦） ， be fond of ， be capable of ， be afraid of ， be proud of ， think of \ about , hold off（推迟）, put off（推迟）, keep on ， insist on, count on / upon （依靠，指望）,set about , be successful in , good at , take up（开始从事，占据） ,give up, burst out , prevent (stop\keep)… from…
作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth- while to do sth.
典型例题
1.This book is worth _____. A)buying B) to buy C) of buying D) to be bought
2.It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
动词不定式
不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式 afford（买的起，负担的起） \ aim \ appear \ agree \ arrange \ ask \ be \ decide \bother（烦恼，麻烦）\ care（关心，介意）\ choose \ come \ dare \ demand\ desire\ determine\ expect \ endeavor(企图，谋求) \ hope \ fail \ happen to （碰巧） \ help\ hesitate\ learn \ long \ mean \ manage \ offer\ ought plan\ prepare\ pretend \ promise\ refuse \seem \ tend \ wait \ wish \ undertake(担保，负责)
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help， intend， like， love, need， prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to (不定式作宾语，在不定式之前加特殊疑问词when\whwere\what\how\who\whom等。)
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise \ allow \ appoint\ believe\ cause\ challenge\ command compel consider \ declare \ drive \ enable \ encourage \ find forbid \ force guess \ hire \imagine \ impel \ induce inform \ instruct \ invite \ judge \ know \ like \ order permit \ persuade \ remind \ report \ request \ require \ select \send \ state \ suppose \ tell \ think \ train trust \ understand \urge \ warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to
注意
不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子 太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
独立主格
10.1 独立主格
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。
7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don't feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。
8) spend/waste time （in）doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。
9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。
This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。
10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
有关分词句型
be busy + (in) +v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。
或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。
He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。
5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?
（3）有关动词不定式句型
下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。
can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。)
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30)
1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。
It isn't enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely．(作状语)
2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)
3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。
4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。
动词的时态
句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather\sooner sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow. (含义：她现在还活着)
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing(be accustommed to doing)： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是 介词，后需加名词或动名词。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
be used to do 为被动语态结构,意思为被用来做什么,do 为动词原形.
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后用动名词主动形式或者不定式的被动式表示被动。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：
I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：
John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：
She studies English. 她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：
Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：
My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳
强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
用助动词进行强调
强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
四、从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配
数词的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
六 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
so, neither, nor位于句首，重复前句内容时作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though（尽管，即使）引导的让步从句必须将状语从句中的强调部分提前，强调提前部分可以是表语，谓语或状语 （即名词，形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.（强调try hard）
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
其他部分倒装
so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
介词短语位于句首，表强调时，主句位于动词到装。
Without permission did he take the book away.
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