句子:
英语的句子可根据两个标准分类,即按其使用目的或按语法结构(即句子的形式)来分类。
按其使用目的,句子可分为:
陈述句: This is a dog.这是一只狗。
疑问句: Is this a dog?这是一只狗吗?
祈使句: Open your eyes!睁开眼睛!
感叹句: What a beautiful dog this is!这是只多么漂亮的狗!
按语法结构,句子可分为:
简单句: I am studying.我在读书。
并列句: I am studying, but he is playing.我在读书,他却在玩。
复合句: Although I am studying, he is playing.虽然我在读书,他却在玩。
陈述句
凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或是表达种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句,它可以用肯定式和否定式。句末用句号“•”,通常用降调。
We live in Beijing.(肯定句)
我们住在北京。
We don’t live in Beijing.(否定句)
我们不住在北京。
因为陈述句是英语中最常用的基本句子,我们在讲述时态时,详细地讲述了各种时态的陈述句,可参见第六章~第十一章。
本节侧重于陈述句中的否定结构,现把英语中否定句总结如下:
1 be动词、一般动词(实义动词)、情态动词的否定句
I am not a student. 我不是学生。
I don't know him. 我不认识他。
He can't speak English. 他不会说英语。
1.be动词的否定句
a.句型:主语+be动词+not~.
I wasn't good at English.
我英语不好。
He isn't hungry.
他不饿。
b.进行时和被动语态(现在时、过去时、进行时)都有be动词,所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。(详见第十三章被动语态)
They aren't cleaning the room.(现在进行时)
他们没在打扫房间。
The child was not looked after.
(过去时的被动语态)
这个孩子以前没有被照顾过。
c.将来时(will,shall)、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词的否定句型。
(○) They will not be sent to the front.
(×)They will be not sent to the front.
他们将不会被送到前线。
2.情态动词的否定句
句型:主语+情态动词+ not +动词原形
(详见第十二章中的“情态动词”部分)
I cannot do it myself.
我自己做不了这件事。
You mustn't take the books out.
你们一定不能把书拿出去。
3.一般动词的否定句
句型:主语+ do(does, did)+ not +动词原形
(详见第七、八章)
注意
否定式的缩略形
is not→isn't
are not→aren't
Was not→wasn't
were not→ weren't
do not→don't
does not→doesn't
did not→ didn't
Can not→can't
will not→ won't
must not→ mustn't
have not→ haven't
has not→ hasn't
had not→hadn't
am not无缩写形式,应为I'm not形式。
He doesn't do his homework every day.
他不是每天都做作业。
They didn't have the class-meeting yesterday.
他们昨天没开班会。
They don't live in Shanghai.
他们不住在上海。
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